ABSTRACT
During the CIVID-19 pandemic, water samples were collected from 26 sampling points in 18 typical drinking water sources in Wuhan, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) methods were used to measure the concentrations of 31 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the water samples. The pollution characteristics of PPCPs were analyzed and their ecological and health risks were assessed. The results showed that a total of 23 PPCPs were detected in the 26 sampling points. Among them, five types of PPCPs were detected with a detection rate of 100%, with total concentrations ranging from 102.44 ng•L -1 to 745.78 ng•L -1, and the average concentration was 206.87 ng•L -1. The highest concentrations were in salicylic acid (SA) and doxycycline (DIC), ranging from 28.24 to 534.24 ng•L -1 and 28.72 to 416.6 ng•L -1, respectively. According to the spatial distribution of PPCPs, the concentration of antibiotics in the Hanjiang River was higher than that in the Yangtze River, whereas the concentration of other types of PPCPs in the Yangtze River was higher than that in the Hanjiang River. The ecological risk assessment results showed that the toxic risk in algae was higher than those in invertebrates and fish. The risks of salicylic acid (SA), doxycycline (DIC), lincomycin (LIN), and chlortetracycline (CTE) to algae were at a high level, and the ecological risk of PPCPs in the Hanjiang River was generally higher than that in the Yangtze River. The health risk assessment results showed that the risk to adults and children by drinking water ranged from 1.14 × 10 -4 to 0.136 and from 1.04 × 10 -4 to 0.821, respectively. The health risk to children was higher than that to adults, although their levels were low. Compared with the concentrations of PPCPs in drinking water sources of Wuhan in recent years, under the CIVID-19 pandemic, the pollution status of PPCPs in the Yangtze River was at a medium level, whereas it was at a high level in the Hanjiang River. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
In order to reveal the pollution characteristics and risk levels of DBPs in typical drinking water sources in Wuhan under the COVID-19 pandemic, 26 sampling sites were selected in typical drinking water sources in Wuhan. N,N-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine spectrophotometry and gas chromatograph-micro-cell electron capture detector (GC-µECD) methods were used to detect residual chlorine disinfectants and DBPs in water, respectively, and their health and ecology risks were assessed. The results showed that free chlorine or total residual chlorine were detected in 16 of the 26 water samples, and the maximum concentration was 0.04 mg·L-1, which exceeded the limit of the surface water standard in China. The concentration of residual chlorine was higher in sampling sites near the outfall of a municipal sewage plant. There were 34 types of DBPs measured in 10 sampling sites, and 24 types of substances were detected with the detection rate of 10.00%-100.00%. The ρ (total DBPs) was in the range of 0.11-104.73 µg·L-1, with an average value of 7.26 µg·L-1. The concentration of chloroform was the highest among all the DBPs, ranging from 9.98 µg·L-1 to 11.15 µg·L-1, with an average value of 10.47 µg·L-1. The concentration of 2-bromo-2-iodoacetamide was the lowest, ranging from ND-0.11 µg·L-1, with an average value of 0.01 µg·L-1. The overall detection level of the DBPs area was low in this study area, and the result of the health risk assessment showed that the DBPs had no carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic health risks to human body. However, the results of the ecological risk assessment showed that chloroform presented a high ecological risk to aquatic organisms.